Undaunted Courage Outline

Chapter 1 Youth 1774 1792 compact and summary Meriwether Lewiss ancestry, birth, and early invigoration be con locationred. Lewis is born august 1774 in Virginia to William Lewis and Lucy Lewis nye Meriwether, cousins. Lewis is born on the eve of the the Statesn Revolutionary War and his ancestry includes numerous phalanx accomplish work forcets in some(prenominal)(prenominal) lines. Lewis has an older sister, Jane, and a younger br a nonher(prenominal), Reuben. William Lewis dies of pneumonia in 1779 thereafter Nicholas Lewis, Williams older brformer(a), begins family defender pending Lewis attain manpowert of legal age.Lucy Lewis remarries in 1980 to John Marks, and has two supernumerary childrenJohn Hastings and Mary Garland. hot coolnessness of import family promoter is doubting Thomas Jefferson, future president of the unify States of the States and a nearby grove owner. As a young boy, Meriwether dies a considerable add together of meter out of doors, incl uding ac caller-outing a frontier pi unrivaleder sort to a new desexualisetle custodyt. He is considered to be curious, inquisitive, coolheaded, and courageous Chapter 2 Planter 1792 1794 succinct and compendiumAlso read Why Nations Fail Chapter 5 abstractDuring his youth, Lewis develops delicate s depletes in riding, hiking, and outdoor skills as well as a orientation for what he refers to as rambling that is, adventure and trigger-happyerness propel. He develops a scrupulous honesty and is widely considered trustworthy. He assumes plantation managework forcet with nestling disquietude e actu eitheryplace having given up his formal teaching. Nevertheless, he is a heart-to-heart administrator, constantly increasing the size of his land holdings. Like just more than or less early(a) plantation owners, he is land rich and cash poor. Slaves work his plantation and, like most men of the era, Lewis is non troubled by the clean-living quandary slavery presents.He es teems Native Ameri shadows as the archetypical noble violent and believes that one twenty-four hour period they go forth accept European civilization and become productive and co-equal citizens he simultaneously considers African Americans somewhatwhat sub-human and incapable of the floor of energy and self-direction necessary for independent success in a free-enterprise Chapter 3 Soldier 1794 1800 epitome and epitome During the Whiskey ascent of 1794, numerous young men, at a time children of the American Revolution, enlist in the soldiers as a show of patriotic fervor.Among the new inductees is Meriwether Lewis who enlists as a hush-hush. Although plainly a private his considerable wealth, substantial education, and nonable adopt ensure that, he spends most stillings in the caller of officers. He makes behavior in the service enjoyable and fulfilling. Within a few months, he is commissioned an ensign in the Virginia Militia. afterwards the rebellion is quelle d the army ranks atomic number 18 speedyly thinned through path approves, hardly Lewis retains his position even with little experiencea fact which speaks well for his king as a junior officer.He is eventually assigned to be army paymaster and spends umpteen months traveling ex tensively through the western frontier beas of the growing nation. He meets most army officers ainly and gets to know their opinions Chapter 4 Thomas Jeffersons America 1801 epitome and outline When Thomas Jefferson becomes electric chair of the United States of America, the nation numbers slightly less than five and one-half million people. That includes approximately one million slaves. Geographically, the nation is a vast open country, nearly countless in potential, and nearly substitutely unknown.Overland travel is slow and troublesome, seldom averaging such(prenominal) than a score of miles in a dayeven over a r bely encountered road personal manner. Rivers form the dominant highways and argon the unaccompanied way to transport substantial bulk materials. The relative positions of the Eastern seaboard states ar known, as is the position of the distant Oregon country. Roughly, three thousand miles of terra incognita pin down in amongst. Jefferson incorrectly speculates that a water route a hanker major(ip) rivers probably exists which could get in touch the two population centers.Meandarn, many European nations, including Spain, France, England, and Russia, are vying for control of the internal of North America. Such Chapter 5 The Presidents Secretary 1801 1802 thickset and analysis Meriwether Lewis is serving as army paymaster, when Thomas Jefferson offers him the highly desire after job as personal secretary to the president. Lewis this instant accepts the job. though he leaves energetic service, he retains his commission and right to promotion. Jefferson selects Lewis bangingly because he is a staunch Re frequentan and, grievously, because he kn ows nearly all of the officers in the army on a personal basis.One of the initiative tasks Lewis eat ups is an encyclopedic valuation of all commissioned officers, placing them into one of some(prenominal) categories, which largely established their capability as officers and their semipolitical beliefs. Many officers are dismissed from the service, old-timerly those who are incompetent only when alike many who are politically unlike to the new administration. Lewis exercises many duties as secretary, including constant visits with congress and interaction with portentous political persons. In fact, Lewis delivers Jeffersons prototypical state of theChapter 6 The Origins of the travel 1750 1802 summary and Analysis From the earliest days of colonization, the national interest had been captivated by the vast interior space. Many voyages of interior exploration were planned only when virtually none had come to fruition. Jefferson had personally championed several atte mpts. On the most promising attempt, the noned adventurer Andry Michaux was selected. Jefferson raised funds through private subscription and Michaux commenced his voyage of exploration.Before getting far, however, Jefferson observe Michaux was actually an actor of the French government, cause the entire exertion to be canceled. Because of these many unsuccessful experiences, Jefferson comes to believe that a voyage of national exploration would require the financial seconding of the federal official Government. In 1787, a British explorer reports cross north-centralern Alberta and compass the Pacific swoop near capital of South Carolina. Coupled with the recent retrocession of the Louisiana land from Spain to France the countersign galvanizes Jefferson he destines immediately to act to preserve theChapter 7 Preparing for the pilgrimage January June 1803 Summary and Analysis Jefferson personally serve wells to Lewis requisite education. As well, Jefferson contacts ex perts in significant fields and enlists their open-ended assistance as educators, peers, and advisors for Lewis. Lewis therefore has unrestricted find to the brightest minds in the nation while preparing for his voyage of discovery. Meanwhile, the several(a) details of supplying and organization are covered throughout the chapter. Jefferson develops an extensive document containing instruction, advice, and orders.Lewis makes up lists of supplies and costs, and estimates how many men qualification be required to successfully complete the voyage. Lewis similarly spends a long deal of time learning how to perform geographic observations to fix latitude and longitude. Towarfared the end of the period discussed in the chapter Lewis begins to foregather the vast stores of impedimenta required for such a long trip he in especial(a) spends time at Harpers Ferry securing firearms and overseeing the look of an Chapter 8 cap to Pittsburgh June imperious 1803 Summary and Analysis Lewis final payments to capital letter and spends several critical weeks with Jefferson.Copies of the voyage orders document are circulated among Jeffersons intimate circle and assorted revisions are proposed and accept. Lewis meanwhile continues to gather maps and fragmentary knowledge of the deep interior of the continent. Jefferson writes and signs a carte blanche order allowing Lewis to draw any funds or equipment from any branch or station of the United States Government it in any case requests private enterprises to assist Lewis so far as practicable and orders military installations to cooperate with Lewis in any circumstance.The author notes the document is the most unmeasured letter of credit ever issued by an American president. During this time, a blink of an eye officer was considered indispensable to the voyages success Lewis immediately extends the offer, by post, to his old friend William Clark. Clark of course accepts the invitation, forming the most-famous p artnership in Chapter 9 Down the Ohio kinsfolk November 1803 Summary and Analysis Lewis begins the trip by boarding the newly constructed keel gravy boat and proceeding batch the Ohio River.The extreme lateness of the chasten (Lewis had hoped to be leaving months previously) insured that the Ohios waters were very low. Thus, the initial stages of the trip were very slow and the keelboat made only ten or so miles each(prenominal) day. Lewis begins demeaning in his journal on August 31, the day he left. The text then considers the nature of the journals Lewis neer readed whether the journals were indite during or after the transit. Further, there are grass large gaps in the journals where nothing is recordedfor example, May 14, 1804 to April 7, 1805.Modern histories do not know if these journals are lost or if Lewis simply did not record his observations for these prolonged periods. At any event, Lewis continues on his voyage. The snails pace gradually Chapter 10 Up the Mis sissippi to Winter Camp November 1803 prove 1804 Summary and Analysis The mighty Mississippi River speedily convinces Lewis and Clark that they exit need still more men to be successful. Over the neighboring several weeks, the men worked the keelboat and pirogues over against the current, difficult hard work takeing only a few miles of jump on each day.The company act on, stopping at duty posts and forts to line up supplies and brush up potential recruits. The society eventually reaches St. Louis and a apprize period of political intrigue follows wherein the local Spanish political commander refuses to allow launching to the Americans until the official land transfer of the upper Louisiana territories occurs. While in St. Louis Lewis sends and run acrosss mail, notably from Jefferson. Additional men and supplies previously sent terrestrial, rendezvous with the river fellowship.With the season and political situation over, the party subsequently spends at Camp w ood near St. Louis. Finally, in mid- skirt, the political handover is accomplished. Chapter 11 Ready to discontinue April May 21, 1804 Summary and Analysis In the spring, Lewis and Clark purchase more provisions and ready to leave. Clarks commission finally arrives startlingly it is for a lieutenants commission and not a captains commission as Lewis had promised. Nevertheless, Clark accepts the commission, though obviously disappointed.Lewis suggests and Clark agrees that they two simply will know the true situationto everyone else on the entire voyage, and for age afterward, Clark is known as Captain William Clark and viewed as Lewis co-commander on the voyage. Lewis appoints an authorized agent in St. Louis, sends of final communiquys, and readies his personal gear for departure. Many of the men attend a final mass service. In the afternoon, the party departs amidst rain, th low, lightning, and the cheering of assembled crowds.For the beside two or more days the party knows there will be no letters, no communication and no supplies from their homes. They are uncaring Chapter 12 Up the moment May July 1804 Summary and Analysis By dint of nearly superhuman endurance and raw physical strength, the party forces the intemperate keelboat against the current of the mighty Missouri River, making up to twenty miles progress some days. The party reaches the Osage River, the Kansas River, and then the Platte River, passing tiny outposts of advance settlers and gobpers. One settlement of note is Boones Settlement in Kentucky put togethered by Daniel Boone.History does not record whether Lewis and Clark meet Boone. Strangely, throughout much of this period Lewis keeps no daily journal. Instead, he apparently spends his time walking ashore and collection plants, animals, and soils specimens while Clark, the smash river-man, manages the progress of the keelboat. Lewis does issue a comprehensive Detachment Order, which allows modern historians to partially reco nstruct the daily routine of the adventuring party. One of Lewis primary directives was the posting of an active watch to secure the voyageChapter 13 Entering Indian outlandish August 1804 Summary and Analysis Lewis begins to hit the unprecedented possibilities offered to an astute phytologist he collects many specimens previously unknown to science and writes lengthy monographs utilise precise and technical terminology. The same paradigm presents with animal lifefor example, on August 12, 1804, Lewis and Clark become the first Americans to see a coyote, which they called a prairie wolf. around the end of August, the party shoots and eats the first bison crawfishn by American hunters. The Garden of Eden qualities of the land are not lost on Lewis.Also during August, the party makes their first contact with Indians, meeting Otos and Missouris. Jeffersons orders instruct Lewis to attempt to peacefully integrate the Indians into the growing American commercial system Jefferson wan ts to replace British skin mountainrs with Americans and hopes most or all of the mingled Indian nations can be integrated with the United States of America. Lewis will Chapter 14 Encounter with the Sioux folk 1804 Summary and Analysis The Sioux tribes are widely regarded as well organized, militant, and aggressive.Jeffersons book of instructions to Lewis specifically indicate that the Sioux should be courted especially vigorously as their cooperation would be extremely useful to future American expansion in the area. In early September, the party continues upriver and fortuitously encounters the lost privatehe had assumed the boats were upriver from him and frankincense has been proceeding ahead of the party for a few weeks. Lewis finds the area of present-day(prenominal) South Dakota almost unbelievably voluptuous in animal life and he discovers several speciesonce, two in a single daythat are entirely new to science.Lewis and Clark remember with wonder at the hundreds and even thousands of bison that make up vast herds and on the plentiful bounty of the land. Ambrose once again notes that Lewis journals are silent for a prolonged period beginning roughly when the party meets the Chapter 15 To the Mandans fire up 1804 Summary and Analysis Throughout September, the voyage continues upriver through panoplies of raw(a) wonder. Huge herds of migrating mammals are seen daily and enormous flights of migrating birds pass overhead. The weather temporizes and frosts kill off the clouds of mosquitoes, as the trip becomes one of entire enjoyment.The party encounters their first grizzly bear they refer to it as a white bear. They in addition pass through the leave outer lands of the once-mighty Arikara tribe empty villages and lands a mute testimony to the mass deaths tardily caused by dwarfishpox and other diseases. Eventually they arrive at the Arikara heartland and discover a tribe about three thousands strong. The meeting issuing well and the Indians a re friendly. One chief accompanies Lewis and Clark upriver to the next great tribal area of the Mandans, ostensibly to carry off peace between the tribes. Many outlying Mandan villages are also deserted callable to smallpox, butChapter 16 Winter at fort up Mandan celestial latitude 21, 1804 marchland 21, 1805 Summary and Analysis The winter proves exceptionally cold and difficult. Lewis and Clark and their men mustinessiness(prenominal) rely upon the Mandan Indians for supplies and food. The military military jaunt builds a sturdy fort complete with a wall wall and substantive interior shelters. On one fountain, a lazy soldier outgos the wall rather than issuing a password and waiting for the gate he is observed by an Indian who subsequently scales the wall in imitation. Lewis and Clark are concerned now that the Indians realize the wall is more show than defensein the event, however, nothing contrary occurs.The winter months are played out hunting, preparing for the coming season, and mingling with the local Indians. York, Lewiss African American slave, proves interesting to the Indians who think at first that he must be colored with paint. Frequent minor political intrigues occur and are documented, as are some of the Indians sensitionalistic practices. For example, the Chapter 17 Report from Fort Mandan surround 22 April 6, 1805 Summary and Analysis In the spring, the keelboat is packed and readied for its return trip to St. Louistoo large to navigate the upper Missouri, it is replaced by small canoes.The keelboat is loaded with specimens, journals, observations, maps, cached Indian vocabularies, and many long letters. These form the final link between the party and the United States of America until the partys return after many months of exploration. Lewis also sends an accounting of the expenses of the expeditiousness to this point, including a list of all the various letters of credit he has issued on the journey. The jaunt hopes to r each the Pacific Ocean and then return as far as the Mandan villages for the winter of 1805-6, and then return and report to Jefferson as early as September 1806.These predictions illustrate that even at this late date Lewis is chthonianestimating the difficulty of crossing the rocklike fortunes Chapter 18 From Fort Mandan to Marias River April 7 June 2, 1805 Summary and Analysis The junket departs in early spring. Lewis refuses several last-minute offers of sexual adventure for the officers and men, even declining to take along several squaws for routine camp company. For many days, Clark guides the river teams of pirogues and canoes while Lewis with a few picked men hikes along the shore, hunting, recording observations, and collecting specimens.Because of the large number of the partyaround thirty-five soulsa prodigious amount of meat is needed every day. Lewis constantly notes in his journals that indorse of all kinds is wonderfully abundant and, unalarmed by humans, easy t o secure. For most of the upriver travel Lewis and Clark find the voyage exactly as the Hidatsas had described. Major rivers are found where their rudimentary maps indicate they should be, and the terrain and river conditions are as anticipated. Nevertheless, the journey is covering footing never before explored by modern Americans. GoingChapter 19 From Marias River to the enormous Falls June 3 June 20, 1805 Summary and Analysis For several days, Lewis and Clark try to determine which riverthe Missouri or the Mariasis the true Missouri river. Because of the turbidity and temperature, all of the men conclude erroneously that the Marias is the true Missouri. Lewis and Clark, however, in complete isolation determine that the true course of the Missouri lies to the southern fork. Only much later(prenominal) would historians realize that the Hidatsa, traveling terrestrial, would impart entirely missed this fork of the river as it occurs in a great northern bend of the Missouri Riv er.Lewis and Clark spend several days scouting a goodly distance up each river and making numerous observations. They finally conclude that the party must take the south fork. While Clark leads the water party, Lewis and a few picked men rapidly proceed ahead on land to discover if they have selected the wrong branch of the river. They make good Chapter 20 The prominent Portage June 16 July 14, 1805 Summary and Analysis The boat group soon arrives at the metrical unit of the falls. Sacagawea falls ill and is nursed by Lewis while the men cut timber and manufacture wheels and crude wagons with which they will haul the canoes and pirogues.The portage proceeds under fair weather but the work is grueling and accomplished only after many days of toil. At the head of the falls, Lewis assembled the iron launch of his experimental boat and has it covered with elk hide. This project is fascinating to Lewis but, apparently, Clark concludes at the outset that it is unpractical. In the end, Clarks opinion proves correctthe hide covering of the invention cannot be effectively sealed and the constant and rapid leaking through the seams of the skins makes the boat perpetually swamp. subsequently only a few hours of experimenting ith the completed boat, Lewis must conclude that his experimental crafthand built at Chapter 21 Looking for the Shoshones July 15 August 12, 1805 Summary and Analysis With overloaded canoes, the voyage proceeds up the Missouri River through difficult terrain. The Rocky Mountains usher in the river so closely that Lewis names the initial entrance Gates of the Rocky Mountains. The voyagers proceed upriver searching for Shoshone Indians from whom they hope to procure horses. They pass what will eventually become the famous Last Chance Gulch, a positioning rich in gold.Lewis and Clark are not interested in mineral wealth, howeverit is not easily portable and at such a distance from civilization would prove essentially worthless. First Clark and then Lewis take turns scouting ahead or ranging afar in an attempt to find the Shoshone. Clarks feet become damaged and infected by Prickly Pears, but he still presses on. By the end of July, the men are becoming despondent because of the difficult river work. They are heartened when Sacagawea begins to recognize landmarks and informs them thatChapter 22 Over the Continental classify August 13 August 31, 1805 Summary and Analysis The next day the small group encounters an old Shoshone woman with a baby and engages her in very limited discussion, giving her some gifts. She leads Lewis and his few companions to the Shoshone village. A strive meeting follows where Lewis tries to make himself understood but is apparently mistaken for a trickster from a hostile Indian tribe, even though a white man. A period of tense negotiation follows but Lewis manages to uphold Cameahwait, the principle chief.He convinces the Indians to accompany him downstream to meet Clark. The Indians suspect a trap and thus warily accompany him. Lewis is dumbfounded to reach the location only to discover that Clark is not yet present. He uses several stratagems to calm the maladjusted Indians until the following day when Clark does arrive. Finally, with Sacagaweas language skills, the Indians fears are largely reduced and a series of agreements are Chapter 23 Over the Bitterroots September 1 October 6, 1805 Summary and Analysis Led by Old Toby the party proceeds through the Rocky Mountains, covering incredibly difficult terrain.They meet a group of Salish Indians, purchase a few more horses and continue on. During the next week the weather breaks and black eye begins to fall. The journey becomes very difficult and juicy is scarce, forcing the killing of three horses to feed the company. Fatigued, hungry, and depressed, the party makes little progress perhaps ten miles per dayand reaches a critical breaking point. Faced with famishment Clark takes a few picked hunters and proceeds ahead at a rapid pace with the intent of hunting what game is available and leaving it along the trail for the larger party, led by Lewis.Lewis group suffers several accidents with horses and oftentimes loses horses during the night but continues doggedly though dysentery and venereal disease split the men. Finally, after 160 miles of difficult terrain and Chapter 24 Down the Columbia October 8 December 7, 1805 Summary and Analysis The men recover their strength and make rapid progress down the river. Even with the cumbersome dugout canoes the party sticks to the water and runs through numerous long and dangerous rapids.Old Toby becomes so afraid of the rapids that he sneaks off one evening and is not seen again. In early October, the expedition reaches the glide River. They meet the Nez Percy Indians and establish friendly relations. Although the expedition does not stay in one place very long, Lewis manages to compile some language vocabularies and makes some ethnographic obse rvations, including noting that the Indians possess items obviously acquired by trading with European sailors and are, unfortunately, fond of stealing anything they can.By mid-October, they reach the junction of the Snake and Columbia Rivers. Toward the end of October, the expedition encounters a prolonged series of uncouth rapids. Rather than a lengthy portage, Lewis and Clark Chapter 25 Fort Clatsop December 8, 1805 March 23, 1806 Summary and Analysis Amidst violent rain and windstorms, the expedition establishes Fort Clatsop, a small structure with two facing buildings joined by palisade walls to form a small interior parade ground. Lewis issues garrison orders and the long winter months of boredom begin.The men amuse themselves with sexual escapades among the receptive Indians, trading trinkets for partners and contracting venereal disease. Hunting parties wander ever farther abroad and food stiff very scarce. Lewis establishes a salt-making camp on the beach a few miles fr om the main fortthe men there grind seawater to collect salt. Throughout the winter, many groups of Chinook and Clatsop Indians visitsome are extremely friendly, others cause minor tensions. Most of the men of the expedition suffer from injury and illness at some point during the winter.Clark repetitively records in his journal that the area brings extreme boredom, monotony, and hunger. On one occasion a small group sets Chapter 26 Jefferson and the West 1804 1806 Summary and Analysis This chapter contains a brief analysis of Thomas Jeffersons vision of the west. In brief, he subscribed to a vision of the United States stretching from coast to coast and considered that the Louisiana territory and the Pacific northwest were both rightfully components of his nation. A strident anti-British politician, he greatly desired to force the British pelt traders out of American territory.Jeffersons views on the proper treatment of Indians are starkly at odds with his historic presentation a s a great libertarian and proponent of human rightsthe Indians must either join with the United States of America or remove themselves there would be no recognition of main(a) rights. Jefferson stated that commerce with the Indians was preferable to military solutions because commerce was more profitable. The chapter also includes a discussion of the reception in St. Louis and Washington of dozens of Indians who original Lewis invitation to visitChapter 27 Return to the Nez Percy March 23 June 9, 1806 Summary and Analysis The expedition sets out with a dread of the pending Rocky Mountain traverse. Food is scare and the men have taken to purchasing and feeding Indian dogs. Lewis spends several days making jerky from what game is available. At the campsites through April many starving Indians visit, begging food and stealing trinkets. Tempers in camp flare as the thievery becomes more brazen and minor scuffles are common. On several occasions violent is averted only at the last mo ment.Rather than engagement upriver against rapids and current Lewis determines to return along the Columbia route overland. The expedition has little left which is not necessary and when horses must be purchased, they must sacrifice part of their cooking kit to obtain them. At the end of April, the expedition meets and stays with Wallawalla and Yakima Indians they are fed and receive more horses and are given information about trail conditions Chapter 28 The Lolo Trail June 10 July 2, 1806 Summary and Analysis The party proceeds into the mountains and encounters snow so deep there is no forage for the horses and the trail cannot be located.After a brief discussion, they turn back. Several days later, they acquire Indian guides who lead them quickly and surely through the mountains. On the far side of the Bitterroot Mountains their confidence swells out of proportion to common sense and the party determines to split up and conduct separate investigations of alternative routes. In all, the army corps of Discovery will divide into five small groups and execute a reckless and heterogeneous series of investigatory travels. Various points of rendezvous are established and the plan is delivered to the men.Chapter 29 The Marias Exploration July 3 July 28, 1806 Summary and Analysis The text covers only Lewis expedition to locate the northern headwaters of the Marias River the book does not cover in detail the exploration conducted by any of the other groups, though their experiences are mentioned in passing. This chapter thus deals only with Meriwether Lewis and the few men that accompany him. In early July they set off to discover whether the headwaters of the Marias Riverand thus of the Missouri River drainage basinextend beyond 49 degrees north latitude.If they do, then the United States of America can lay legal claim to more territory due to the terms of the Louisiana Purchase. The small group proceeds down the cosmic Blackfoot River as far as clean Bear Is land without major incident. They are happy to once again be on the plains where game is plentiful but they also once again find the mosquitoes nearly unbearable. They recover their cache Chapter 30 The Last stage July 29 September 22, 1806 Summary and Analysis Lewis group proceeds by water to the junction of the Yellowstone River, the site of planned rendezvous with Clark.Clark has left a note and moved ahead. Lewis pursues through a land of abundant game and abundant mosquitoes, making excellent progress without incident until mid-August. At that time, Lewis and a nearsighted one-eyed private are hunting elk when Lewis is shot in the buttocks. He calls out for the private who does not respondLewis hobbles back to the canoes and rouses the alarm of an Indian attack. The men go on the offensive but shortly return with the missing private and state no Indians are in the area.Later Lewis recovers another letter from Clark informing him that one of the little expeditions, having co mpletely flush ited in its mission, has rejoined with Clark. Lewis thus spends a terrible night too crank to be moved from the pirogue he passes the Chapter 31 Reporting to the President September 23 December 31, 1806 Summary and Analysis In St. Louis, Lewis immediately writes a brief letter to Jefferson and also writes personal commendations for each of his men, noting with rapture that all members of the party have returned in good health.Lewis also once again appealed directly to Jefferson on Clarks behalf, noting the successful prosecution of the adventure was due equally to both men. The group then spends a month in St. Louis settling financial affairs and playing the role of heroes, enjoying fame and organism entertained. In early November the party proceeds to Louisville and then to Frankfort where it splits into various smaller groups that proceed to their various destinations. Clark goes to Fincastle, Virginia, to visit with friends, while Lewis continues on to Charlott esville with Big ovalbumin, the Indian chief.Late in December, after a lengthy trip of many public appearances, Lewis arrives in Washington. No account of the initial meetings between Chapter 32 Washington January March 1807 Summary and Analysis In Washington Lewis once again lives with Jefferson and spends weeks and months preparing reports and revising his journal. The men of the expedition are all rewarded with substantial but not extravagant land warrants and payfor example, Lewis total amounts to some $7,262. Lewis and Clark both receive promotions, Lewis civilly as the governor of the Louisiana Territory and Clark deep down the military.The book notes that Lewis is singularly unprepared to act as Territorial Governor and the appointment is one of Thomas Jeffersons great mistakes. Clark soon departs for St. Louis but Lewis remains in Washington, ostensibly to see to the private issue of the journals of the expedition. Lewis, faced with competing offspring of other expedit ion members journals, becomes uncharacteristically sarcastic about the relative deserve of his subordinates journals. Meanwhile, Clark becomes intermeshed, and Jefferson begins to distribute seeds collected by Lewis to his eminent botanist friends.Much Chapter 33 Philadelphia April July 1807 Summary and Analysis In the spring of 1807, Lewis leaves Washington for Philadelphia where he ordinates for the publication of the journals, promised in three volumes costing $31 for the set. Lewis contacts several acquaintances for assistance in preparing the various volumes of the journals. Lewis biological and botanical samples are catalogued and then delivered, with Jeffersons approval, to Charles Willson Peales Museum in Independence Hall. Lewis, recently admitted as a member, also lectures at the American Philosophical Society.He also commissions artists to render relevant plates for inclusion in the journals, and Peale renders Lewis portrait, as does C. B. J. Fyvret de Saint-Mymin. Le wis hires mathematicians to convert his luxuriant observations into corrected latitude and longitude measurements. Finally, Lewis and Clark purchase one other journal written by a sergeant on the voyage, presumably to forestall its publication and subsequent competition. Strangely, amidst all this preparation for publication, Lewis overlooks the singleChapter 34 Virginia August 1806 March 1807 Summary and Analysis In late July, Lewis travels from Philadelphia to Washington and settles his receipts with the war department. He then tours through several cities and acquaints himself with several young women who fail to meet his expectations, and a few more who for unknown reasons do not find him suitable. For eight months, Lewis whereabouts are unknown and through that time he accomplishes little more than nothing. Although he receives letters and correspondence from Jefferson and his family, he does not reply.Ambrose speculates that depression, alcohol, and malaria may explain his l ack of production. At any rate, he appears in St. Louis in late winter of 1808 and produces a complex report on the situation of the Louisiana Territory. The consideration of the relative merits of the report consumes most of the brief chapter. Lewis suggests excluding the British from Louisiana Territory, greatly increasing the military presence in the area, Chapter 35 St. Louis March December 1808 Summary and Analysis In 1808 St. Louis is a vibrant and multi-cultural city and the dominant western city in the United States of America.Ambrose describes the citys unique flavor and brief history in some detail. Tensions between the old Spanish and French established business families and the new American businessmen are tense. Lewis predecessor, General Wilkinson, had administered the territory with one eye on his own pocketbook and thus the political and economic situations are complicated and uncertain. Administering such a complex and vast territory would be a challenge for an acc omplished and professional politicianit was simply beyond the ability of the young Lewis. Lewis arrives in St.Louis devoid of the melancholic depression that has apparently laid low(p) him for the past several months. He rents a house and engages in the kindly life of the city, drinking hard and spending many hours in dissipation. He does attempt to manage the rabble Chapter 36 St. Louis January August 1809 Summary and Analysis Lewis continues to work as the governor of the territory, making some good decisions and many bad ones. He begins to take regular doses of opium and morphine, ostensibly to treat his malariasoon, however, he is strongly addicted and frequently addled.Moreover, he continues to routinely become rummy in the company of less-notable political hangers-on by todays standards, he would be considered an alcoholic. His personal finances are in complete disarray and his public expenditures are alarming. He arranges a merging of personal and public interests, which draws wide reproachhe helps to establish a fur trapping and trading company, grants the company a monopoly on trade, and funds the companys initial expedition with public funds. all this, he justifies by charging the company with the task of returning Big White to the Mandan villages.Although not hugely aberrant in concept for the day and place, the scale of the questionable Chapter 37 Last Voyage September 3 October 11, 1809 Summary and Analysis In early September, Lewis sets out for Washington. He brings along the journals of the Lewis and Clark expedition, a few personal belongings, and a huge dossier of receipts, notes, and requests for public expenditure. He hopes to arrange his documentation and present his case to the government so they will extol his many public debts. He travels initially by river but finds the enkindle and humidity intolerable.In addition he drinks heavily, takes frequent snuff, many pills, and opium. His behavior is wild and outlandish and he then at tempts self-annihilation on two occasions. He is put ashore in charge of an army captain who places him under suicide watch. Lewis writes some garbled letters explaining his delay to distant officials. After about a week Lewis derangement lifts and he determines to proceed overland to Washington. For several days, Lewis and several attendants travel overland. Lewis mood is dark and Chapter 38 backwash Summary and AnalysisMany years after Lewis death, some researchers have proposed that he might have been murdered. Ambrose considers the evidence and dispenses entirely with the theory by noting that Clark and Jefferson both accepted Lewis suicide at face value. Lewis was malarial, depressed, and highly stressed. He was an alcoholic and a drug addict, an inveterate user of snuff, a habitual smoker, and frequently greatly over-medicated himself with curatives of the period, which often contained mercury. Any one of these factors alone could have motivated him to suicide taken as a grou p they are a more than convincing rationale.Coupling all this with his widely reported erratic and despondent behavior, the crease against suicide appears insubstantial. Lewis estate is bequeathed to his mother and liquidated by his half-brother. The signal failure of his last mentioned years remained packed into trunkshis un looseed journals. Clark obtains the expedition journals and travels to Monticello to Big Whitee Big White was a Mandan chief. He agreed to accompany the expedition on its return voyage and visit President Jefferson in Washington. He, his family, and a party of soldiers were attacked and repelled by a group of Arikaras on their return trip. gt/p Cameahwait Cameahwait was a Shonshoni chief who aided the Lewis and Clark expedition. Cameahwaits people provided horses and Old Toby to guide the expedition through the Bitterroot Mountains. Cameahwait also turned out to be Sacagaweas brother. Toussaint Charbonneau Charbonneau was a French Canadian. At the time he met the Lewis and Clark company, he was living among the Hidatsas as an independent trader. Sacagawea was one of his wives. Lewis and Clark eagerly signed him on as an interpreter, thus gaining the service of Sacagawea. Lewis was disappointed with Charbonneau, however, calling him a man of no particular merit. Pierre Chouteau houteau, along with his half-brother Auguste, co-founded St. Undaunted Courage Summary Lewisa premature Life The first five chapters of Undaunted Courage detail Lewisa life before undertaking the expedition. Lewis was born to a distinguished Virginia plantation family in 1774. As a boy, Lewis washed-out several years living in a Georgia frontier colony. After his return from Georgia at the age of thirteen, he was given several years of formal education so that he would be prepared to manage the estate he had inherited from his father.However, he only spent a few years on the Virginia plantation instead, he volunteered for the Virginia militia in 1794. He spent the next six years in the military, and his service required him to travel throughout much of the American frontier. However, in 1801, President Jeffersonaa longtime(prenominal) acquaintance of the Lewis familyaasked Lewis to serve as his personal secretary and aide. Captain Lewis quickly gave up his military commission and moved to the presidentas residence in Washington. Planning the Expedition Jefferson had long been interested in sending an expedition to explore the west.When Jefferson learned that the British were planning to engage in the fur trade in the Pacific Northwest, he was galvanized into action. In 1802, Jefferson chose Lewis to command an expedition to the Pacific. Lewis had three main goals find an all-water route to the Pacific Ocean distinguish the Indians they had a new leader and bring them into the American trading entanglement and explore the northern tributaries of the Mississippi and the Missouri rivers, which would determine the northern fulfilment of th e boundary of the Louisiana Purchase.Jefferson was also keenly interested in scientific inquiry. In preparation for the journey, Lewis studied geography, botany, mineralogy, astronomy, and ethnology with leading American scientists. He also made decisions on what and how many supplies to bring, what presents to give the Indians, and how many men to work in the company. He oversaw the construction of a boat that would take the company up the Mississippi River. Lewis also decided he needed a co-commander, and he chose Clark, whom he had met in the military.Although Clarkas official rank was never promoted beyond that of lieutenant, which dismayed Lewis greatly, the two men shared command. While preparations were being made, the Louisiana Purchase was also completed, giving the United States ownership of much of the land over which the men would travel. Up the Missouri On August 31, 1803, Lewis set forth down the Ohio River. He met with Clark in Clarksville, Indian Territory, where th ey enlisted men in their corps of Discovery. The party then sailed upriver to Wood River, where they set up winter camp.Clark oversaw the preparations for the trip while Lewis took charge of purchasing supplies in St. Louis. On May 22, 1804, the corps of Discovery, made up of almost 50 men, was finally on its way. It consisted of a large keelboat and two smaller boats. The boats travelled more than 640 miles upriver before encountering a single Indian. On August 2, a party of Oto arrived at the expeditionas camp. Lewis told them about Jefferson, their new Great Father, and gave them gifts. On August 20, the expedition suffered its only fatality when Sgt. Charles Floyd died of a ruptured appendix.In September, the Corps met a large party of Sioux and visited the Sioux village. In October, the group approached the Mandan villages in present-day North Dakota. The friendly Mandans were at the center of Northern Plainsa trade. The men built Fort Mandan, where they spent the winter. They also met a French-Canadian trader, Charbonneau, and his wife, Sacagawea, who joined the Corps as translators. A small group of men sailed back down the Missouri to bring back information about the expedition thus far. west Bound On April 7, 1805, the expedition was ready to move west.Eight days later, the expedition passed the farthest point upstream on the Missouri known by Lewis to have been reached by white men. The men hunted buffalo and had their first grizzly bear sighting. In June, the party crossed the Missouri and discovered that two large rivers met. They had to decide which river was the Missouri. They chose the south fork and followed the river to the Great Falls. At this point, the men had to carry their canoes overland. They had reached the foot of the Rocky Mountains and wanted to meet the Shoshoni. After several days, the men came across a Shoshoni party.Their leader was Cameahwait, who was Sacagaweaas brother. They traded for horses with the Shoshoni and employ an Indian guide, Old Toby, to take them across the mountains. Once across the mountains, the men traveled down the Columbia toward the Pacific. They discovered that rapids and falls broke up the Columbia for almost a fifty-mile stretch. The men shot the rapids while the important supplies were carried by hand. They continued onward to the Pacific. The party built Fort Clatsop as their winter camp. By this time, the party had very little goods left to trade.When the Clatsops would not sell them a canoe that they needed, Lewis told his men to steal it. In March 1806, the men turned eastward on their way home. Heading fundament The men headed east up the Columbia, which was hard going. They decided to go overland instead and purchased horses from the Nez PercA. Lewis also hoped to persuade them to send some guides and diplomats with them back east. The Nez PercA, however, said it was too early to cross the mountains, but the Corps was determined to do so. They headed out but soon discov ered it was impracticable to keep to the trail, which was hidden under feet of snow.They realized the difficulty of their undertaking but luckily came across two young Indians crossing the mountains and quickly engaged them as guides. Thus they reached the other side of the Continental Divide safely. Lewis and Clark separate company briefly in July. Lewis wanted to explore the northern river that had met the Missouri, the Maria. He hoped that it would extend far northward, giving the United States more land. He took a small party of men. After several days out, they got into a fight with some Blackfeet Indians and shot two. However, Lewis and his men escaped unharmed.They met up with Clark at the quest of Reunion in present-day North Dakota, and the entire party continued on to Fort Mandan. Then they headed down the Missouri. They met trading boats, which gave them the first news of the country they had heard since their departure. They arrived in St. Louis on September 22, 1806. Lewis immediately sat down to write a report to Jefferson telling him of their discoveries. After the Expedition Lewis went to Washington in January and after that on to Philadelphia. He made plans to publish his journals. Jefferson also appointed him the governor of the Louisiana Territory.Lewis, however, did little work, either on the journals or as the governor. He did not arrive in St. Louis until March 1808, at which point he was already experiencing bouts of depression and drinking heavily. In St. Louis, he attempted to set up a fur trade business with his friends and invested money in land speculation. He also spent money outfitting an expedition to return a Mandan chief to his homeland however, the government decided not to reimburse him for these expenses. Lewis undertook a journey to Washington but died, apparently a suicide, on October 11, 1809.