Modern Definition of Rule of Law

Introduction to the recover of practice of up adjustness & angstrom the modern definition. form of faithfulness in the layman perspective is the regulation that nobody is above the uprightness and that every mans deed is subject to the law. The law referred, in our context, is the Malaysian Constitution which embodies the definition, expressly in many of its provisions. The constitution has the absolute spot as against the arbitrariness and discretional originator of the government. This concept is commonly practiced in democratic countries. loom of rectitude and Rule by Law should be distinguished as the last mentioned is merely a governments tool for the purpose of public opinion and governing only. It is non a good approach as comp atomic number 18d to the Rule of Law beca physical exercise law is do by the mess, for the people. The concept recitationd on a lower floor Rule by Law could lead to aversion of power and sleaziness especially in the context of ben ignant rights. The countries practicing Rule by Law are mostly the autocratic countries where the law is followed because they are forced to, non because they respect the command of the law.According to De Smith, the concept of Rule of Law is one of turn out texture with wide range of interpretation, or in other words, flexible. unsafe propounded 3 rationales of Rule of law in his writings, Law of the Constitution. that Diceys ideas are no longer in use as modern democratic society has emerged. It is only a appearance now to insert Diceys to retain the rudimentary value of Rule of Law but it moldiness be interpreted concord to our modern needs of society. Diceys ideas on ROL includes that 1) Absolute supremacy of regular law. ) Equality before the law 3) The Rule of Law includes the results of discriminatory decisions determining the rights of private psyches. outside(a)ly, the Rule of Law was even stated in the Preamble of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights ado pted in 1948 where it was move in the third paragraph that if the government does not want the people to revolt as their last resort to overcome tyranny by government, hence it is important for the fundamental liberties of the people to be prevailed. The way to defend their liberties is through the Rule of Law. The UDHR has 30 binds which upholds human rights.An international meeting to discourse and make declaration on the fundamental principle of hold of law was held in 1959 named the international Commission of Jurists(ICJ). The ICJ is the modern revelation of Rule of Law that fits the present quite a little. They declared that the recover of law implies certain rights and freedom to realize a conducive social, economic, education and cultural norms to achieve human dignity. Joseph Raz, in his writing, Rule of Law & Its Virtues had outlined a entrap of characteristics, a total number of 13 virtues of chemical formula of law.The most basic aspect is that the people moldiness be protected by the rule of law, and nothing can happen without the sanction and permission of the law. Others include that the law must be prospective rather than retrospective the law must be stable and certain and not changeable the independence of work bench has to be assured the law must be moderately, just and probable the people should have the access to the courts principles of ingrained justice concerning the right to be heard and the judge must not be prepossess should be observed and many other important characteristics.All 13 virtues should be complied and use to make sure that the rule of law exists in a boorish practicing it. Ingredients of The Federal Constitution The Rule of Law is interrelated with the principles of humans rights and dignity and these can be seen in our own Federal Constitution. originate II of the Federal Constitution enumerates a number of fundamental liberties which devotes 9 articles altogether. Few are 1)Liberty of the person 2 )Protection against retrospective criminal laws and repeated trials 3)Equality 4)Freedom of speech, assembly, standoff 5) Freedom of religion and few more.The Parliament has made extensive use of touch powers, sanctioned by the Constitution. Part XI with regards to emergency powers must be read together with the Fundamental Liberties. By Article 149, it permits the time out of the Fundamental Liberties, since it validates any legislation otherwise outside the legislative power of Parliament. The Proclamation of Emergency provided in Article 150 permits Parliament and YdPA to rescind all provisions of the Constitution. This is not to say rule of law is not stable, but that the regular law operates alongside a system of emergency law which is much more draconian.An example is the powers of preventive detention, or International Security Act, which will be discussed further. Constitutionalism Crisis International Security Act The International Security Act or more commonly cognis e as ISA is an old and inhumane law which is against with the principle of Rule of Law. ISA is a untamed and harsh law and has always been an issue which has still to be single-minded in satisf exertion. Proposals for the ISA to be reviewed and subsequently, be abolished has been made since Tun Mahathir and Tun Abdullah Ahmad Badawis times as select government minister, and once again, now made by our present Prime Minister, Datuk Seri Najib Razak.It has been 50 years since the ISA came into force but the government has still yet to take any actions in viewing this problem. The ISA made it seems as though the Rule of Law does not exist in Malaysia or little effective. The ISA is a preventive detention law that allows the force to detain a person without trial or criminal charges under lawful circumstances and he will be detained by the police for up to a maximum period of 60 days or the full period. It seems homogeneous that the ISA every does not understand or does not belie ve in the Rule of Law or the Human Rights.Under an ordinary law, every person has his own rights and chance to stand trial if he has committed an offence. When ISA prototypal came into force in 1960, it was made based on the promised made by our first Prime Minister that the law will be utilise rationally and only against governments enemies, which was then the communists. Nowadays ISA is employ on reasons to deal problems relating sensitive issues like conflicts in a multi-ethnic, multi-religious, multi-cultural society. The force of ISA is to allow detention without trial which goes against the right of a person to fair hearing.Therefore, does this means that the ISA is against the human rights? Accordingly, is it contrary to the rule of law and thus does the principle rule of law exist in our country? In say the first question, detention without trial is a blatant act and against citizens rights. The ISA reflects that the read has failed to uphold its responsibility this ri ght. The judiciary is excluded from ensuring that those detained under ISA are do by according with the human rights. Not a person should be held in detention without fair trial because it violates the human rights.Human rights and Rule of law are interconnected and so if ISA is contrary to human rights then it acts the same to the rule of law. This makes us question whether the rule of law still does exist in Malaysia. Any country subscribing to the rule of law, will never allow the abuse of power to detain a person without trial. This draconian legislation should be reviewed and repealed if the government still has the intention in making the rule of law as one of the general principles of the constitution. 1988 Constitutional Crisis Other constitutional crisis relating the rule of law follows the withdrawal of Tun Salleh Abas as a judge.This case was also known the 1988 Constitutional Crisis. In 1988, Tun Salleh Abas was brought before a tribunal on yard of bias as a judge. The Prime Minister then, Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohammad, explained that he took an action against Tun Salleh under Article 125 of the constitution, on grounds of his behavior and universe unable to perform his function as the Lord President. The tribunal think that the respondent has been guilty of not only misbehavious, but also bollix up which falls within the ambit of other cause in article 125, which renders him unfit to discharge properly the functions of his office.The 1988 Constitutional Crisis is related to Joseph Razs minimum standards on rule of law. Joseph Raz included one of the virtues (among others as mentioned earlier) that the natural justice should be reviewed. The natural justice said concerned i)the right to be heard audi altera partem and ii)a judge must not be bias nemo judex in cause sua. The latter part has a deep society to what discussed in the suspension of Tun Salleh Abas. Stephen Kalong Ningkan (1966)In 1966, Stephen Kalong Ningkan was dismissed from being the Chief Minister when the State Governor showed a letter signed by 21 members of assembly saying that they longer had no confidence in him to continue his duty. He was asked to kick himself which he refused to do so. He alleged that the letter did not tantamount to a vote of no-confidence. He was then dismissed by the Head of State by publishing a declaration in the Gazette that Stephen Kalong Ningkan had ceased to hold the office of Chief Minister. However his press release was an unconstitutional one.It was held by the court that the law under Sarawak Constitution, a Chief Minister can only vacate his office by his resignation and not by dismissal. There were no authorities stating that the Head of State has the power to dismiss a Chief Minister. Therefore looking through a rule of laws view, it could be said that the unlawful dismissal of Stephen Kalong Ningkan by the Head of State was contrary to the principles of Rule of Law. Perak Crisis (2009) The constitutional crisis which happened in Perak is similar to what happened in 1966 in the case of Stephen Kalong Ningkan.The crisis began in February 2009 when four assemblymen of Pakatan Rakyat withdrew from the party. Pakatan Rakyat was then the ruling party in Perak, and their withdrawal from the party resulted a passing game of majority representatives. Nasaruddin Hashim, was the Chief Minister of Perak before the crisis started was one of the assemblymen whom cross-floored Pakatan Rakyat. The consequence was that the grand Turk of Perak, used his discretion under Art 18(2)(b) of the State Constitution, and commanded Mohammad Nizar Jamaluddin to dismiss himself from the redact of First Minister. The grand Turk of Perak then appointed Dr.Zambry Abdul Kadir from Barisan Nasional to fill in the trifling position and be the next Chief Minister. Nizar claimed that in that location should be a fair free election since this country practices democracy, and for that announced he refused to resign and therefo re, the interlocking of Dr. Zambry was null and void. The High Court held that the dismissal and appointment made by the Sultan of Perak was unlawful and an unconstitutional one and that Nizar has always been the rightful(prenominal) head of government. The Court of Appeal however held that the action taken by the Sultan was legally valid and certainly followed the State Constitution.According to the Perak Constitution, the Sultan has two options in settling a conflict of lost confidence which is either to dissolve the state assembly or appoint a in the raw Chief Minister. The Sultan in this case did the latter. Such discretion is a Royal Prerogative. The Sultan is not subject to recommendation or eulogy of any other person while making the new appointment of Chief Minister. The difference between the Perak Crisis and Stephen Kalong Ningkan case is, the Perak Constitution has no shoot statement of means of vote of confidence, which makes the action taken by the Sultan is consti tutional and valid while the appointment of Dr.Zambry is also valid and Mohd Nizar must tender resignation. This would also mean that it follows the definition of Rule of Law on absolute supremacy of the law on grounds the dismissal was lawful. refinement With all the definitions and constitutional crisis discussed, it all comes down to one question to what point does Rule of Law exists in Malaysia? It is with no doubt that our country is a democratic country which is against arbitrariness and upholds the supremacy of our constitution. However with constitutional crisis that has happened, this shows that the Rule of Law xists merely on the surface of it. Our judges need to be prepared to enter the fray in the struggle of persevering the human rights and fundamental liberties. Only then we can say Malaysia is grounded on Rule of Law. Without justice, the democracy we practiced would mean nothing but just a concept. There is a need for all Malaysians to understand and appreciate the richness of the rule of law and to be vigilant that it prevails in this country. Without the rule of law, there can be no justice.