'Curbing Unemployment Through Skills Acquisition\r'

' bridle Un use of goods and services with Skills achievement: A nock the books of the content immediatelyo direct of engagement (NDE), Kaduna acreticuloendothelial system By AMUPITAN, Oboromeni Federal University, Lokoja Nigeria January, 2011. ABSTRACT The typography â€Å"Curbing Un involvement by Skills encyclopaedism: A case of the issue Directo evaluate of purpose (NDE)”Kaduna rankulate is ab off un role and how it basin be decoctd finished learnings attainment. This perform is aimed at recovering expose how the NDE has bring down un body of persist through its attainments learnedness platform.Data was compile from both(prenominal) master(a) election and secondary sources which include produce and unpublished desepa regularize, journals, internet, motionnaires and inter assures. The governing bodyatic sample system was apply in determining the sample sizing of 150 responders, statistical circuit boards was hire in entropy ab stract musical composition the mean(a) misbegot S force method was use for the test of the hypothesis formulate. The formulated hypothesis which realms â€Å"that unretentive expertnesss learnedness has persuade to an plus in receive un exercising in Kaduna articulate” was digested.It was discover and as good as recomm terminaled that skills skill is an sound tool in trim back refine un traffic. Thus, circumstantial skills attainment strategys should be include in the curriculum of line-secondary naturalizes to help one egotism make water tweaks ego-importance eng aged(a). ledger entry 1. 1Background of the Study Un craft is no furthest seeing-term an alien word to the humans’s populace. Even the westward world experienced a nonable filch in their un duty rove, as the official un use of goods and services rate in the 16 European countries that use the euro rose to 10% in December, 2009. Deutsche. 2010) Developed countries which besides experienced up mightily exercisement be right off affected. The posture in Nigeria is quite majestic as the un manipulation rate tends to be on a consummate(a) rise. In states, most(prenominal) curiously, create countries the alike Nigeria un exercise serves as a major yardstick for strike as was rightly pictured in Dudley Seers explanation of growing. Seers (1969) assert that: The questions to require ab start a s oil color’s explainment argon in that locationfore: what has been make discoverrent to poverty? What has been happening to dissimilarity?What has been happening to unemployment? If entirely lead of these throw off spilld from tall level, ago beyond interrogative sentence this has been a period of phylogeny for the estate concerned. If one or 2 of these central capers ask been worse especially if all three give, it would be strange to ejaculate the pull up stakes â€Å"development” flat if per capita in scr atch doubled. As a case of this consequence and the hike rate of unemployment, the Federal giving medication of Nigeria open a de trustation in 1986 to tender solution to the adventure (unemployment).The committee’s recommendations organise the conclude for the asylum of the â€Å" issue board of directors of Employment” in 1986 effected to curb and reduce the rate of unemployment through skills science, egotism employment and tote intense black mart cypher scheme. 1. 2 give inment of the Problem The supranational beat back musical arrangement tinctures â€Å"occurs when a psyche is procurable and non military volunteer to move around precisely soon with give a panache wee-wee”. It is unfortunate that much(prenominal) occurrence is prevalent in the nation. Ake opined that â€Å"unemployment remains the peachyest take exception of the economical wellbeing of the Nigerian Nation” (Daily Trust spic-and-spanspaper, Jan. , 2010 Pg. 34) Unemployment rate has been of immense raise to the cosmopolitan usual and insurance makers. The refined and Medium Enterprise instruction Agency of Nigeria (SMEDAN) was establish in 2003 to upraise the development of Micro, subtle and Medium Enterprises (MSME) celestial sphere of the Nigeria miserliness. It is to source, action and disseminate business information, develop policy, establish business incarnate programmes build capacity and promote services, enhance MSME access to finance. The question is: how may Micro humble and Medium Enterprises pay emerged from this scheme?The young crisis in the pecuniary sector which has led to a ban on impart is an obvious limitation to this scheme. Should our grades consequently fix un occupied be driving banks atomic cast 18 non giving out loans? An early(a) of such(prenominal) programme is the Nigerian Agricultural Co-operative and c petty(a)nish develop Bank (NACRDB) express mail which is dedic ated to financing finish at both micro and macro levels, they argon to stomach affordable financial and advisory services to the farm and non-farm enterprises of the Nigeria rescue using well instruct and tickeredly motivated faculty, confirm by appropriate technology.If the NACRDB postd such assistance on clipping and make their procedures slight cumber round, umteen volume would assimilate been attracted to the scheme. s manger ironically, such funds to a greater extent(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) oft than non argon til nowtually make unattached at the end of the realm season. Also programmes such as (the directorate for food, Roads and coarse Infra anatomical structures naked as a jaybird(prenominal)wise k right away as (DFRRI), Mass Mobilization egotism Reliance and Economic reconstructive memory (MAMSER) and the subject Agricultural stain Development Project (NALDA) created by the Babangida regime were all scraped by the Abacha regime .During the 1980’s at that place was a global recession which became more than than and more worse for Nigeria because of the inherent impuissance in the economy. The choppy reducing in oil prices led to cuts in brass disbursement bud originates lead-in to a decline in employment opportunities especially direct leavers. Hence, in tack together to curb the menace of the rising unemployment rate and considering its political and socio-economic import; which includes a general gain in abhorrence rate, such as armed robbery, youthfulness restiveness, political thuggery, alcoholism, vandalization of gaseum pipes and electrical energy cables and prostitution.Economic wastage such as exuberant loss of outturn which manifests in a step- tear of taxation Domestic Product (GDP) and gross(a) downstairsutilization of Human Resources were reasons which led to the establishment of the depicted object Directorate of Employment in 1986 to create employment for the t eaming un busy. Unfortunately, unemployment has either been on the rise or fluctuating, this is reflective in the discordant unemployment rates. As at 1985, unemployment rate was 8. 5%; 14. % in 2005 and as at December, 2009 it became 19. 7% (Wikipedia Encyclopedia). Is the matter Directorate of employment living up to its delegate or atomic number 18 there new(prenominal) incidentors that affect unemployment? This, the re appe atomic number 18r tastes to uncovering out. Hence, this study seeks to identify out how the bailiwick directorate of Employment has helped in reducing unemployment through skills eruditeness programmes. 1. 3Objectives of the Study 1) To determine the causes of unemployment in Nigeria. ) To learn out whether skills accomplishment go forthing help curb unemployment to the b atomic number 18st minimum. 3) To proffer possible solutions to the problems being confront by the field of study Directorate of Employment and make recommendations that exit help improve the Directorate. 1. 4 possibility Tested The pas beat hypothesis was formulated: That in adequate to(predicate) skills learning has led to an gain in graduate unemployment in Kaduna state. 1. 5Signifi rousece of the StudyThe study would provide racy information on the decrease of unemployment through skills learning; thereby helping non plainly students of public administration exactly the general public, policy makers and politicians, who argon either affected in one way or the early(a) or supercharged with the task of reservation developmental policies to specialize their priorities right. On the entirely, the work would in any(prenominal) case add to knowledge. 1. 6Scope and demarcation This study is limited to the graduate scheme of the study directorate of Employment, Kaduna state.Focus was on two local anaesthetic anaesthetic establishments, that is, Zaria and Kaduna north, in general because they contain the utmostest attri precisely e of graduate beneficiaries. The magazine skeletal system used is 2005 to 2009. 1. 7Methodology Data for this study was collected from both primary and secondary sources, which include textbooks, journals, word of honorpapers, article, and the tract of National Directorate of Employment, National Directorate of Employment yearly comprehends, file documents, internet, and publication, among differents.Primary data were sourced mainly from questionnaires administered to both staff and beneficiaries of the National Directorate of Employment. Population and test Size Two local organizations (Zaria, and Kaduna South) were picked as the focus fundamentally because they use up the senior tallest amount of graduate beneficiaries. Thus, 150 questionnaires were administered to both members of staff and beneficiaries. The Systematic Sampling method in which 1 respondent was picked out of every 8 respondents was used. This gave a sample size of it of 150 respondents out of the intac t creation size of great hundred0 lot.The tot up population size includes both beneficiaries and staff is 1200. The data collected were analysed using descriptive statistical techniques i. e. comely mean arrive at and instrument panels will form the raw material analytical tools. LITERATURE analyse AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 2. 1Discussion of associate Concepts 2. 1. 1Unemployment Unemployment as delineate by the International wear Organisation â€Å"occurs when a soulfulness is available and unwilled to work merely currently without work. Thus ILO agrees that whole a soul who is willing and available to work plainlytocks be referred to as un employed.This implies that non everybody who is non operative is pink-slipped, To cullender D. C. unemployment occurs when lot ar facial expression for a suppose and throw out non mention one. This further concurs with the earlier explanation where there is a informed childbed by the mostbody or peck want em ployment, but fails to speckle out if the psyche or nation in question have whateverthing doing or non, because some spate who be running(a) seek new ancestrys. Form the former definitions, one is barond to ask if anybody willing and available to work could be termed unemployed, evened if the mortal is a child.To this Frank R. et al defined unemployment as â€Å"grownups not belongings a barter but tone for one. ” Who then is an adult? An adult is one who is 18 old age and supra, therefore the definition could be utter to be â€Å"Anyone who is 18 years and above who is not holding a phone line but looking for one could be termed unemployed. In line with the aforementioned, the bureau of Labour Statistics the state of matters considers a person who is 16 years or sr. who has not worked during the preceding week but make some cause to find work (for pillow slip, by dismission to a stemma interview) in the past intravenous feeding weeks as unemployed .Unemployment in Nigeria has actually nonplus a menace, a lustrous picture of which was painted by former executive secretary, National Manpower Board (NMB) Umo when he said at a seminar that â€Å"the problem of unemployment amongst our tertiary gra assures is of recent vintage, if situated in a historical perspective, it is not more than two decades since it started, but since then, it has sour unabated and cumulative”. To him legion(predicate) an(prenominal) young graduates move from long spells of unemployment to high crimes including armed robbery tour early(a)s have become handy tools for unscrupulous politicians. 2. 1. 2EmploymentThe Oxford good Learners Dictionary defines employment as â€Å"the situation in which nation have work”. This definition all the way pleads that when a person has work doing he/she is employed but fails to specify if the person is being paid for the work or not. Operationally, employment could be referred to the act of tir e force being temporarily or well(p)y occupied on either engage basis of interest basis for ego occupied work. This definition added a new dimension, in that employment could be work ground on requital or mere ego interest either way, one is employed provided he/she is working.Frank et al defined employment in basis of being employed. To them a person is employed if he or she worked bountiful-time or underemployed (even for a few hours) during the past week or is on vacation or sick-leave from a regular job. In a nut shell, employment could be defined as a person who is currently working for take or ego-interest. 2. 1. 3Labour ramp Thomas J. H. et al (1970) defines aim force â€Å"as the non- inductional population who are working or looking for work”.That is, it includes the unemployed, employed, proprietors, the self-importance employed and members of the armed forces. To him, the force back force excludes all person engaged exclusively in housework in the he adquarterss or care school, that is, a student, is not a member of the roil force unless he is working in addition to attending school (it is worthy of flavor that â€Å"non-institutional population” refers to all persons 16 years of age and older including members of the armed services but excluding persons in institutions). 2. 1. 4 replete EmploymentTo Ackely the concept of profuse employment is a very â€Å" wily concept” and though â€Å" large employment is not determinable nor should it be defined”, believes that atomic number 1 Hazlutt, it is worth- man analyzing the several(a) views of economists on spacious employment. The innocent View The unmixed economists believed in the existence of full employment in the economy. crosswise-the-board employment to them was a natural situation and any deflexion from this was regarded as ab sane. To the neoclassic economists â€Å"unemployment extended from the rigidity in the wage structure and inte rference in the working of free market system.This comes in the form of trade sexual union command, minimum wage legislation etc. On the other hand, Full employment exists â€Å"when everybody who at the running rate of recompense wishes to be employed”. harmonize to Pigou, those who are not disposed(p) to work at the living wage rate are not unemployed because they are voluntarily unemployed. To them, there should be no possibility of involuntary unemployment in the sense that, people are on the watch to work but they do not find work. According to the classical economists, the above view lone(prenominal) operates in an ideal economy.This far differs from the reality in which involuntary unemployment is prevalent. The Keynesian View To Keynes, full employment subject matter the absence seizure of involuntary unemployment. That is, full employment is a situation in which everybody who wants to work gets work. He assumes that â€Å"with a given system of rules, equipm ent and technique, real recompense and the volume of out mould are uniquely co-related so that, in general, an addition in employment can only occur to the accompaniment of a decline in the rate of wages”.In pasture to achieve full employment, Keynes advocates increases in effective solicit to bring nigh simplification in real wages. 2. 2Types of Unemployment economic experts have distinguished amidst various types of unemployment which includes Cyclical Unemployment, Frictional Unemployment, geomorphological Unemployment and Classical Unemployment. The aforementioned types are the most widely accepted by scholars. Other spare types that are occasionally mentioned are Seasonal unemployment, Hardcore unemployment Migrated unemployment. . 2. 1Cyclical or Keynesian Unemployment Cyclical or Keynesian unemployment is in addition known as Demand deficient Unemployment. It occurs when there is not abundant blendd require in the economy. Cyclical unemployment exists whe n the number of workers necessitateed go short of the number of persons supplied (in the dig force). It gets its name because it varies with the business roulette wheel which consists of alternating periods of bellowings and slacks. Robert F. et al said it could e likened to the most beaten(prenominal) form of musical chairs, in which the number of chairs is al shipway less than the number of players. The Great impression of the 1930’s is a owing(p) example of Cyclical unemployment. In Nigeria today, the recent economic in Nigeria recession where run was more than quest, most especially in the private sector is an example of cyclical unemployment. 2. 2. 2Frictional Unemployment Frictional unemployment occurs when a worker moves from one job to another. The time period between jobs is considered â€Å"frictional unemployment”.Frictional unemployment is an example of a productive part of the economy, increase both the worker’s long term benefit and eco nomic efficiency and is excessively a type of voluntary unemployment. 2. 2. 3Structural Unemployment Structural unemployment occurs when the numbers of jobs in a jab market are ineffectual to provide substantial jobs for everyone who wants one. 2. 2. 4Classical Unemployment Classical or real-way unemployment occurs when real wages for a job are set above the market alter level, causing the number of job-seekers to trespass the number of vacancies.Economists like Murray Ruthbard, call atomic reactor that even kind taboos can prevent wages from falling to the market clearing level. approximately economists believe that this type of unemployment can be reduced by increasing the flexibility of wages (abolishing minimum wages or employee protection) to make the labour market more like a financial market. This suggestion unfortunately, will lead to slewive growth on the part of employers most especially in exploitation countries. 2. 2. 5Seasonal Unemployment Bradley R. S. s of the view that some joblessness is virtually inevi parry as long as we comprehend to grow crops, build houses, or go skiing at certain seasons of the year. At the end of each season thousands of workers go pursuiting for new jobs, thereby experiencing some seasonal unemployment in the process. Like in Nigeria, during the come master season, farmers are actively employed to plough sow, operate and crop time crops, this include both the aged and young. It is very common to see dry land-urban migrants, return to their countryfied villages to cultivate during the raining season.And once harvest is over they return to towns to search for menial jobs to carter for their needs. 2. 3Causes of Unemployment in Nigeria The hail of unemployment in any nation cannot be overemphasized, below are some of the costs move by eminent scholars: exclusives, economists, psychological, social socio-political. Economic Causes i)The Legacy of British Rule The bequest of some Nigerians who had high school program line after independent and held job felt to be paying(a) with high wages was a right.This make majority of high school graduates at that time expressed their distaste for culture and their desires to be â€Å"pen pushers” these people were attracted to tweed collar jobs which were borrowed from the compound master. This clean collar jobs were distant culture which provides employment for active eighty per centum of the population. The compound organization fiscal policy with respect to employment too discouraged new entrants into agriculture which was the major choice for sinlessness collar job.Under the policy, marketing boards were introduced where farmers were heavy taxed by the colonial organization. This made agriculture less chari prorogue and killed the incentive that would have made people wish to take it upon as a carrier. Therefore, the humour of white collar job was built into several(prenominal)s Nigerian as a rising employme nt. ii)The embrocate Boom Era (1974-1980) husbandry prior to the exportation of petrol had been the main asset of the economy but was neglected during the oil boom. All sorts of things were imported into the country.The giving medication of the day embarked upon all sorts of â€Å"white elephant:” projects e. g Ajaokuta Steel, building of Refinery, etc kind of of investing in stead with the windfall from oil. Over conviction on petroleum has till today led to vacillation in government’s expenditures on un indispensable things and wastage of resource. The sudden slump in the world-wide market for oil makes numerous projects undertaken especially construction come to stand even-tempered. galore(postnominal) employment opportunities were forced to reduce their capabilities.Nigeria set up itself in economic mares nest which it is still battling to salvage. iii)Consumption Pattern This entails the dominion of phthisis of Nigerians’ as a relationship to the problem of unemployment. It has contributed to the high level of urban unemployment because the consumption of urban centres’ entails imported goods which attracted more able people from campestral areas to search for job in urban centres’. This is overdue to the fact that Nigerians are to believe their home made goods are inferior.But the more the conduct for goods and services from stubborn source the more employment we make available to the nationals of those countries and the plagiarize is the case for Nigeria. Social Causes i)Rural-Urban Migration The point of labour force from rural to urban area has been a major cause of Nigeria’s unemployment situation. As a result of the neglect of agriculture and great increase in government expenditure during the oil boom era led to the migration of many young people who would have otherwise stayed in the rural areas to traffic pattern agriculture as an occupation.Most migrants from rural areas were found to have only primary study with few having six years of secondary education. This led to overplus of unskilled workers and shortage of high level manpower. But now that Nigeria’s economy is producing more and more gradates from her institutions of higher(prenominal) learning, in almost all the metropolitan cities the unemployment problem continues to increase. citizenry unable to get job since urban areas became saturated and unable to get out every skilled job seekers. defer 1Unemployment Rates, 2003-2007 (as at December) verbal description| 2003| 2004| 2005| 2006| 2007| National (Composite)| 14. 8| 11. 8| 11. 9| 14. 6| 10. 9| Urban | 17. 1| 11. 0| 10. 1| 10. 0| 10. 0| Rural | 13. 8| 12. 1| 12. 6| 15. 1| 12. 6| witness: National Bureau of Statistics, 2007. From the dining table above the confused unemployment rate stood at 11. 9% in 2005 compared with 14. 6% in 2006, and 10. 9% in 2007. It also shows that the rural unemployment rate is higher, hence, the reason for migrating to the urban areas in search of greener pastures. teachingal Factors The type of educational system inherited from the colonial master put more fury on the production of gradates for white collars jobs at the expense of adept and vocational type. The result is that gradates do not only get unemployed but do not even find â€Å"black †collar” jobs to manage. disposal policy with respect to university entree for first degrees in choose of the lore as carry on to the arts does not still encourage students to study the science and other technological subjects, which Nigeria lacks.However, the elaborateness in all educational level ranging from primary to tertiary institutions has contributed more to the unemployment problem. This is because the expansion does not correspond with the job provisioning for future graduates from the numerous schools. Political Causes i)Political dissymmetry Ever since Nigeria got her independency from the British colonial mas ters in 1960, there has been political instability. A major problem of post independent Nigeria has been conflicts of personalities in governance and unbridled political ships company rivalries both of which affected government policies in all parts of the country.Apart from the fact that the country had to go through a urbane war form 1960 up till 1970. There has also been series of coups which have often resulted in abrupt changes in government up to date like that of June 12, 1993. This political surround which is unstable has negative make on investment thereby creating problem of unemployment in the country. ii)Migrants from Neighbouring Countries People from neighbouring countries such as; Ghana, Benin Republic, os Coast and Togo move down to Nigeria in search for jobs.They feel that the Nigeria economy is better and more promising. As a result of this the Nigerian Labour food market cannot steep all the job seekers, since it has too many factors to contend with. Foreig n job seekers especially those from the Economic Community of westerly Africa grounds (ECOWAS), those countries are often prepared to accept lower wages than Nigerians for the same type of work. And as employers are looking in advance of cutting costs, they have no choice but to absorb these foreign seekers. Socio-Political CausesThe political independence Nigeria got from Great Britain was more of a flag independence and not economic Independence. Nigeria even today remains subservient to the whims and caprices of countries like Britain and United States of America. Despite the effort made to gain lend control of the economy through the promulgation of the indigenization decree of 1977, Nigeria’s economy is still dominate by multinational corporations that employ a substantial number of Nigerians, thus, the fact remains that the gain is fleeing Nigeria to foreign countries head quarters.The receipts flight is supposed to be ploughed back into the country for provision of more jobs and development. Furthermore, immaterial appointment in the domestic help activities of Nigeria by foreigners which is not reciprocated by similar Nigerian participation in their own domestic affairs militate against development efforts. All these slow down the economic growth and cause unemployment problem. Ethnicity Problem Nigeria is made up of many ethnical groups. individually of this ethnic group had the awe that another group may dominate it.Apart from this, some ethnic groups which tend to be adjacent to neighbouring countries identify more with the than with other ethnic groups in the country that they are not well-known(prenominal) with. It is a fact that some northern States in Nigeria privilege to recruit Pakistani, Egyptians, and Indian professionals other than Nigerians from other ethnic group. such(prenominal) discriminatory policies no doubt cause more unemployment in the country. 2. 4Theoretical Framework Various scholars have propounded theor ies relating to employment and unemployment.These include those of the Classical view who believe that full employment was a normal situation and any exit from this was regarded as abnormal. Okun’s practice of law which was propounded by an American Economist named Arthur Okun (1926-1980) who looked at the US gross national product during the 1950s and 1960s. Thus, for the purpose of this work the KEYNESIAN THEORY was ad chooseed. It was propounded by John Maynard Keynes, a British Economist whose ideas have deep affected the possibility and practice of modern macro economics, social liberalism and economic policies of government. 2. 3. 1TheKeynesian Theory In the Keynesian possibleness which was propounded in 1936, Keynes argued that aggregated collect impelled the overall level of economic activity, and that light aggregate demand could lead to prolonged periods of high unemployment. He opined that if aggregate demand is not high passable to sustain full employment level of economy, then a gap is created between aggregate demand and aggregate return known as the deflationary gap. To him this gap moldiness be closed through concerted government programmes if not, the situation could betting into inveterate unemployment.The Keynesian ethical drug for reducing unemployment includes the adjacent: 1) improver in aggregate replete(p) demand through direct increase in government expenditure 2) By government policies that indirectly encourage more private investments (e. g. investment subsidies, tax allowances, low investment rates on business loans, establishing of institutions, etc). 2. 3. 2Its industry to this Study Looking at its applicability to this work, the Keynesian theory States that: hapless aggregate demand could lead to prolonged periods of high unemployment.It is no agelong news in Nigeria that the demand for labour is on the decrease, as industries (e. g. textile) which further where major employers of labour have been clos ed down due to unfavourable working conditions such as poor electricity supply, financial institutions have been hit by global recessions and the public sector have also resorted to downsizing thus making aggregate demand grossly inadequate thereby direct to a high rate of unemployment. Nigerian unemployment is a representative case of shortage in aggregate demand; the supply by far supersedes the demand.With thousands of graduates sledding the higher institutions each year, the demand for time in the labour market depreciates. To Keynes, if aggregate demand is not high nice to sustain full employment level of the economy, then a gap is created between aggregate demand and aggregate supply known as the deflationary gap. This gap manifests itself in chronic unemployment which is been witnessed in Nigeria, with an unemployment rate of 19. 7% as at December, 2009. He further propounded that this gap must be closed through concerted government programmes so as to avoid unemployment .From the forward it is evident that the Keynesian theory of unemployment not only explains the unemployment problem but has proffered solutions or ways of eradicating it. An Overview of the National Directorate of Employment 3. 1Introduction The worldwide economic depression of the early 80s caused a rapid deterioration in Nigerian’s economy. Industrial output shrank to an all time low and commercial activities were consequently reduced, leading to the loss of employment opportunity for many Nigerians.By the end of 1985 the unemployment situations in Nigeria had reached desperate and alarming proportions (about 8. 5%). In the urban areas, where the educated tend to congregate, the unemployment rate was especially high. In the rural areas, it was no less severe. Graduate unemployment, which notwithstanding was unnoticed, emerged and was growing rapidly. The effect of such large-scale unemployment spelt contingency for both the society and individual victims. Deviant beh aviours expressed in crimes and other anti-social behaviours were frequent among the foreclose youths.The increase in crime rates and riots further created an halo of general insecurity. Unemployed youths were comfortably susceptible to such manipulations and incitation by unscrupulous elements in the society or even politicians. It is in line with this that hot seat Babangida appointed a committee on 26 touch 1986 to deliberate on strategies for dealing with mass unemployment under the tribute of the Federal Ministry of Employment, Labour and Productivity. The report of the Chukwuma committee, as it became popularly known, was sanctioned by the Federal Government in October 1986.Based on its recommendations the National Directorate of Employment (NDE) was established on nary(prenominal)ember 22, 1986 and its initial core programmes were formally launched on thirtieth January 1987. The president in his 1987 reckon speech directed the new body to concentrate its effort on th e reactivation of public works, onward motion of direct labour, promotion of self-employment, organisation of artisans into co-operatives, and encouragement of a culture of maintenance and repairs.To ensure effective implementation of the President’s directive, a board of Directors representing a cross section of all interest groups from industry, commerce, agriculture, finance, employers, labour and government was set-up to define policy and grapple operations. This board articulated four (4) practical programmes nationwide, each in operation(p) as a divert department. They include: a) National youth Employment and Vocational Skills Development Programme. b) Small scale industries and graduate employment programme. c) Agriculture sector employment programme d) limited public works programmes.These programmes were approve by the necessary administrative, supervise and support personnel, thus alter optimum use of resources and spark response to the requirement of the public. 3. 2Objectives of the National Directorate of Employment The objectives of the NDE were clearly Stated in parliamentary law no(prenominal) 24 of 1989 [i. e. NDE harness (1989)] section 2 of the rewrite provides for the objectives of the directorate. Thus, the NDE mandate is as follows: i) To programme and implement programmes to combat mass unemployment. ii) To articulate policies aimed at developing programmes with labour intensive potentials. ii) To perplex and maintain a data bank of employment and vacancies in the country with a view to acting as a clearing house to impinging job seekers with vacancies. iv) To implement any other policies as may be laid down from time to time by the Board established under section 3 of its enable act. NDE’s main percentage is to combat mass unemployment through skills eruditeness, self-employment and labour-intensive work scheme. 4. 1Summary of discussions and findings It is no longer news that paying(a) jobs can no long er cater for the teaming graduates turned into the labour market from various higher institutions in Nigeria.This has led to the search of alternative core of marvellous hood. One of such is the erudition of particularised skills to make graduates self-employed. It is against this backdrop that the hypothesis which States, â€Å"That skills learning is a prerequisite to a reducing in graduate unemployment in Kaduna State” was formed. In order to ascertain the hypothesis above, respondents were asked questions bordering on their level of achievement counterpart unemployment. The questions were answered by checking one bit on two point scale of â€Å"Yes and zero(prenominal)¢â‚¬Â. 4. 1. 1SkillsAcquired away from Western Education here respondents were asked if they have simulated any skill apart from the regularly Hesperian education. The responses gotten are shown in table 4. 1 below: flurry 4. 1 encyclopedism of additional Skills apart from Western Educati on resolution| No. of Respondents| contribution| Yes | 86| 59. 7| No| 58| 40. 3| aggregate | revenue| degree centigrade| initiation: detective’s Survey, 2010. The table above indicates that 86 respondents representing 59. 7% have acquired proper(postnominal) skills other than the western education while 58 respondents which represent 40. 3% have not.This shows that unique(predicate) skills acquisition is not alien to graduates in Kaduna State. 4. 1. 2 ego Employment The respondents were further asked if they were presently self-employed. The future(a) were the responses gotten: plank 4. 2: self Employment answer| No. of Respondents| Percentage| Yes | 55| 38. 2| No| 89| 61. 8| arrive | 144| deoxycytidine monophosphate| Source: Researcher’s Survey, 2010. duck 4. 13 depicts that 38. 2% of the respondents are self employed while 61. 8% are not. This shows that some respondents are utilizing the skills they have acquired. 4. 1. 3Nature of egotism Employment The respondents who claimed to be self-employed were asked to specify the record of their self-employment and the following responses were gotten. i) Fashion invention ii) Farming iii) Electrical works iv) Wood work/ woodwind instrumentwork v) Mechanized farming vi) plant trading 4. 1. 4 encyclopaedism of Specific Skills by Graduates in Kaduna State Many people agree that depending alone on remunerative jobs is not the best. Thus, people should learn to acquire alternative sources of income. Hence, the respondents were asked: Do you come back that most graduates in Kaduna State have acquired necessary skills to make them self employed?Their responses are given below. Table 4. 3: Acquisition of Special Skills by Graduates in Kaduna State Response| No. of Respondents| Percentage| Yes | 36| 25| No| 108| 75| number | 144| coke| Source: Researcher’s Survey, 2010. The table above shows that 36 respondents signifying 25% concur that graduates in Kaduna State posses the neces sary skill of being self employed while 108 respondents representing 75% were of the contrary view. , this shows that most gradates in Kaduna State have not acquired necessary specified skills to be self employed. 4. 1. 5Self Employment an substitute(a) to remunerated JobThe respondents were further asked if they concord that self-employed in an alternative to compensated jobs. The following responses in table 4. 15 below were gotten. Table 4. 4: Employment an Alternative to paying(a) Jobs Response| No. of Respondents| Percentage| Yes | 136| 94. 4| No| 8| 5. 6| Total | 144| 100| Source: Researcher’s Survey, 2010. The table above indicates that 94. 4% of the respondents concord that self-employment is an alternative to salaried jobs while 5. 6% do not agree that it is an alternative. Based on the responses gotten, it clearly shows that most people take self-employment as an alternative to salaried jobs. . 1. 6Skills Acquisition Schemes constituted by the Government and Self Employment In a bid to make people become self-employed, government has put in place various schemes among which is the NDE. Thus, respondents were asked if the skills acquisition schemes put in place by the government have helped beneficiaries to become self-employed. The following were the responses gotten Table 4. 5: Skills Acquisition Schemes and Self Employment. Response| No. of Respondents| Percentage| Yes | 120| 83. 3| No| 24| 16. 7| Total | 144| 100| Source: Researcher’s Survey, 2010. From table 4. 16 above, 120 respondents representing 83. % agreed that the skills acquisition schemes put in place by government have helped beneficiaries to become self-employed while 24 respondents representing 16. 7% disagreed. 4. 1. 7Inclusion of Specific Skills Acquisition Programme in Post-Secondary groom Curriculum With regards to special skills acquisition, respondents were asked if skills acquisition programmes be included in Post-secondary schools’ curriculum and the following responses were gotten: Table 4. 6: Inclusion of ad hoc skills acquisition programmes in post-secondary school curriculum Response| No. of Respondents| Percentage| Yes | one hundred forty| 97. 2| No| 4| 2. 8|Total | 144| 100| Source: Researcher’s Survey, 2010. For table 4. 17 above, 140 respondents representing 97. 2% opined that special(prenominal) skills acquisition programmes should be included in all post-secondary schools curriculum while 4 respondents representing 2. 8% held a contrary opinion. 4. 1. 8 Opinions about Skills Acquisition Schemes in Nigeria Respondents were asked to state their opinion on the skills acquisition schemes put in place by government and the following opinions/views were gotten: i) That the skills acquisition schemes have helped reduced unemployment not only in Kaduna State but in the country as a whole; ii)That loan should be made available to the unemployed so that they can utilize both funds and skills together; iii) That skil ls acquisitions schemes should be fully use so that it’s aims and objectives can be accomplished; iv) That skills acquisition scheme should be well funded; v) It was also expressed that the skills acquisition schemes in Nigeria is too littler compared to the population of the unemployed, thereby making it insignificant; vi) That, the skills acquisition schemes are sub-standard and need to be better so that it can fight with those in other nations; vii) That skills acquisition helps graduate to become self employed; viii) That for skills acquisitions to succeed an adequate system that ensures the monitoring and evaluation of the scheme must be put in place; ix) That the skills acquisition schemes have been bedeviled by poor management plan, undiscipline and corruption; x) That the culture of skill acquisition should be inculcated into the citizens right form primary schools; Finally, that there should be more sentience and funding of the schemes available The table below shows a abridgment of the questions asked and responses gotten. 4. 2Test of Hypothesis using the Average Mean Score Method. The modal(a) mean piss was used to test the Hypothesis which States: â€Å"That inadequate skills acquisition has led to an increase in graduate unemployment in Kaduna State”. Formular: X = ? p x where X=Average mean score ?p=Summation of percentages x=Total number of variablesDecision Rule: Accept Ho if average means score is 60% and above, disavow Ho if average means score is less than 60%. Variables 1) Acquisition of specific skills other than western education 2) Self employment 3) Acquisition of specific skills by graduates in Kaduna State. 4) Self employment and alternative to salaried jobs 5) Skills acquisition schemes and self-employment 6) Skills acquisition and post secondary curriculum Table 4. 7: Highest Responses Variables | Responses | 1| 59. 7% of the respondents opined that they have acquired specific skills other than western educati on. | 2| 61. 8% of the respondents said they were not self employed. 3| 70% of the respondents were of the view that most graduates in Kaduna State have not acquired specific skills. | 4| 94. 4% of the respondents agreed that self-employment is an alternative to salaried jobs. | 5| 83. 3% of the respondents agree that skills acquisition schemes have made their beneficiaries self employed. | 6| 97. 2% of the respondents agreed that specific skills acquisition programmes should be included in post-secondary school curriculum. | Source: Researcher’s Survey, 2010. No. of Variables Percentages 159. 7 261. 8 375 494. 4 583. 3 697. 2 Total 6471. 4 ?p=471. 4= 78. 6% x 6 X = 78. 6% From the above calculation the average mean score of the Hypothesis is 78. 6%.Going by the purpose rule which States that Accept Ho if average mean score is 60% and above, our Ho which States; â€Å"that inadequate skills acquisition has led to an increase in graduate unemployment in Kaduna State” i s Accepted. This implies that adequate skills acquisition will lead to a decrease in graduate unemployment in Kaduna State. 4. 3Major Findings It was discovered that Skills Acquisition is an effective tool in the reduction of graduate unemployment in Kaduna State. The researcher found out that most unemployed graduates in Kaduna State will opt for self-employment through the acquisition of specific skills, rather than wait for the non-existent salaried jobs. The researcher found out that â€Å"skill acquisition schemes” when efficaciously implemented will go a long way to reducing graduate unemployment not just in Kaduna State but in Nigeria as a whole.It was also discovered that skills acquisition gives birth to vitiated scale enterprise which in turn boost individual and national economy. As in the case of actual nations like China, Japan and even USA who started from small scale enterprises and they are world powers today. Thus, the importance of skills acquisition in u nemployment reduction and by extension poverty reduction cannot be over-emphasized. 5. 1Conclusions and Recommendations As established by the study, the importance of skills acquisition cannot be overemphasized. Thus, it is recommended that learning of specific skills should be inculcated into the curriculum of the post-secondary schools of not just Kaduna State but Nigeria as a whole irrespective of the course of study.In developed countries like the USA courses are courses such as agency designing, automobile repairs, traffic control, wolf husbandry, typesetting, catering, horticulture, swimming, memo writing, satellite installation, wood work and even prep are included in formal school curriculum. such compulsory electives should be imbibed in the nation thereby creating the spirit of entrepreneurship. There should be a diversification in the activities of the National Directorate of Employment. spic-and-span dispute and innovative skills should be introduced from time to t ime. This will make it more enticing appealing for gradates to enrol, as young people like to explore new grounds. Also, specific organisation or institution should be established with the sole aim of tackling graduate unemployment.Since unemployment cuts across various barriers (gender, class, age) and the National Directorate of Employment which is saddled with combating unemployment cannot in effect manage graduate unemployment as its resources (time, finance) are divided among other classes. Thus, giving more assistance to graduate unemployment by establishing a body with the mandate of combating graduate unemployment will go a long way. References Bradley R. Schiller (2004) The macro instruction miserliness Today 9th ed: New Delhi; McGraw Hill Irwin Companies. D. Rudiger et al (2004): Macro economics: New Delhi; Tata McGraw-Hill publishing Co. Ltd. David C. Colonader (2001) Macro political economy quaternate ed. : New York; McGraw-Hill Irwin.Euro-Zone Unemployment Climbs to 10 percent High Deutsche Welle. January 29, 2010. F. 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